19. See also Edward O. Wilson,The Social Conquest of the Earth(New York:Liveright, 2012).
20. Cyril Edwin Black, ed.,The Transformation of Russian Society:Aspects of Social Change since 1861(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1970), 279.
21. Tom Gallagher,Theft of a Nation:Romania since Communism(London:Hurst, 2005).
22. Robin Dunbar,Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1998).
23. TVP University, ‘Capuchin monkeys reject unequal pay’, 15 December 2012, accessed 21 December 2014, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKhAd0Tyny0.
24. Quoted in Christopher Duffy,Military Experience in the Age of Reason (London:Routledge, 2005), 98–9.
25. Serhii Ploghy,The Last Empire:The Final Days of the Soviet Union(London:Oneworld, 2014), 309.
26. ‘RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States’ by RIA Novosti archive, image #848095 / U. Ivanov / CC-BY-SA 3.0.Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg#/media/File:RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg.
第4章
1. Fekri A. Hassan, ‘Holocene Lakes and Prehistoric Settlements of the Western Fayum, Egypt’,Journal of Archaeological Science 13:5 (1986), 393–504; Gunther Garbrecht, ‘Water Storage (Lake Moeris) in the Fayum Depression, Legend or Reality?’,Irrigation and Drainage Systems1:3 (1987), 143–57; Gunther Garbrecht, ‘Historical Water Storage for Irrigation in the Fayum Depression (Egypt)’,Irrigation and Drainage Systems10:1 (1996), 47–76.
2. Yehuda Bauer,A History of the Holocaust(Danbur:Franklin Watts, 2001), 249.
3. Jean C. Oi,State and Peasant in Contemporary China:The Political Economy of Village Government(Berkeley:University of California Press, 1989), 91; Jasper Becker,Hungry Ghosts:China’s Secret Famine (London:John Murray, 1996); Frank Dikkoter,Mao’s Great Famine:The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62(London:Bloomsbury, 2010).
4. Martin Meredith,The Fate of Africa:From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair:A History of Fifty Years of Independence(New York:Public Affairs, 2006); Sven Rydenfelt, ‘Lessons from Socialist Tanzania’,The Freeman36:9 (1986); David Blair, ‘Africa in a Nutshell’,Telegraph, 10 May 2006, accessed 22 December 2014, http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/davidblair/3631941/Africa_in_a_nutshell/.
5. Roland Anthony Oliver,Africa since 1800, 5th edn (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2005), 100–23; David van Reybrouck,Congo:The Epic History of a People(New York:HarperCollins, 2014), 58–9.
6. Ben Wilbrink, ‘Assessment in Historical Perspective’,Studies in Educational Evaluation23:1 (1997), 31–48.
7. M. C. Lemon,Philosophy of History(London and New York:Routledge, 2003), 28–44; Siep Stuurman, ‘Herodotus and Sima Qian:History and the Anthropological Turn in Ancient Greece and Han China’,Journal of World History19:1 (2008), 1–40.
8. William Kelly Simpson,The Literature of Ancient Egypt(Yale:Yale University Press, 1973), 332–3.
第5章
1. C. Scott Dixon,Protestants:A History from Wittenberg to Pennsylvania, 1517–1740(Chichester, UK:Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 15; Peter W. Williams,America’s Religions:From Their Origins to the Twenty-First Century(Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 2008), 82.
2.Antichrist1by Lucas Cranach the Elder.Original uploader was Epiphyllumlover at en.wikipedia – transferred from en.wikipedia (Original text:Google Books).Licensed under Public Domain via Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antichrist1.jpg#/media/File:Antichrist1.jpg
3. Glenn Hausfater and Sarah Blaffer, ed.,Infanticide:Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives(New York:Aldine, 1984), 449; Valeria Alia,Names and Nunavut:Culture and Identity in the Inuit Homeland(New York:Berghahn Books, 2007), 23; Lewis Petrinovich,Human Evolution, Reproduction and Morality(Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 1998), 256; Richard A. Posner,Sex and Reason(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1992), 289.
4. Ronald K. Delph, ‘Valla Grammaticus, Agostino Steuco, and the Donation of Constantine’,Journal of the History of Ideas57:1 (1996), 55–77; Joseph M. Levine, ‘Reginald Pecock and Lorenzo Valla on the Donation of Constantine’,Studies in the Renaissance20 (1973), 118–43.
5. Gabriele Boccaccini,Roots of Rabbinic Judaism(Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2002); Shaye J. D. Cohen,From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, 2nd edn (Louisville:Westminster John Knox Press, 2006), 153–7; Lee M. McDonald and James A. Sanders, ed.,The Canon Debate(Peabody:Hendrickson, 2002), 4.
6. Sam Harris,The Moral Landscape:How Science Can Determine Human Values(New York:Free Press, 2010).
第6章
1. Gerald S. Wilkinson, ‘The Social Organization of the Common Vampire Bat II’,Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology17:2 (1985), 123–34; Gerald S. Wilkinson, ‘Reciprocal Food Sharing in the Vampire Bat’,Nature308:5955 (1984), 181–4; Raul Flores Crespo et al., ‘Foraging Behavior of the Common Vampire Bat Related to Moonlight’,Journal of Mammalogy53:2 (1972), 366–8.
2. Goh Chin Lian, ‘Admin Service Pay:Pensions Removed, National Bonus to Replace GDP Bonus’,Straits Times, 8 April 2013, retrieved 9 February 2016, http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/admin-service-pay-pensions-removed-nationalbonus-to-replace-gdp-bonus.
3. Edward Wong, ‘In China, Breathing Becomes a Childhood Risk’,New York Times, 22 April 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/world/asia/pollution-is-radically-changing-childhood-in-chinascities.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0; Barbara Demick, ‘China Entrepreneurs Cash in on Air Pollution’,Los Angeles Times, 2 February 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/02/world/la-fg-china-pollution-20130203.
4. IPCC,Climate Change 2014:Mitigation of Climate Change – Summery for Policymakers, Ottmar Edenhofer et al., ed., (Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press, 2014), 6.
5. UNEP,The Emissions Gap Report 2012(Nairobi:UNEP, 2012); IEA,Energy Policies of IEA Countries:The United States(Paris:IEA, 2008).
6. For a detailed discussion see Ha-Joon Chang,23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism(New York:Bloomsbury Press, 2010).
第7章
1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau,Émile, ou de l’éducation(Paris, 1967), 348.
2. ‘Journalists Syndicate Says Charlie Hebdo Cartoons“Hurt Feelings”, Washington Okays’,Egypt Independent, 14 January 2015, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/journalists-syndicate-says-charliehebdo-cartoons-per centE2per cent80per cent98hurt-feelings-washington-okays.
3. Naomi Darom, ‘Evolution on Steroids’,Haaretz, 13 June 2014 .
4. Walter Horace Bruford,The German Tradition of Self-Cultiva- tion: ‘Bildung’ from Humboldt to Thomas Mann(London, New York:Cambridge University Press, 1975), 24, 25.
5. ‘All-Time 100 TV Shows:Survivor’,Time, 6 September 2007, retrieved 12 August 2015, http://time.com/3103831/survivor/.
6. Phil Klay,Redeployment(London:Canongate, 2015), 170.
7. Yuval Noah Harari,The Ultimate Experience:Battlefield Revelations and the Making of Modern War Culture, 1450–2000(Houndmills:Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); Yuval Noah Harari, ‘Armchairs, Coffee and Authority:Eye-witnesses and Flesh-witnesses Speak about War, 1100–2000’,Journal of Military History74:1 (January 2010), 53–78.
8. ‘Angela Merkel Attacked over Crying Refugee Girl’, BBC, 17 July 2015, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33555619.
9. Laurence Housman,War Letters of Fallen Englishm en (Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania State, 2002), 159.
10. Mark Bowden,Black Hawk Down:The Story of Modern Warfare (New York:New American Library, 2001), 301–2.
11. Adolf Hitler,Mein Kampf, trans.Ralph Manheim (Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1943), 165.
12. Evan Osnos,Age of Ambition:Chasing Fortune, Truth and Faith in the New China(London:Vintage, 2014), 95.
13. Mark Harrison, ed.,The Economics of World War II:Six Great Powers in International Comparison(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1998), 3–10; John Ellis,World War II:A Statistical Survey(New York:Facts on File, 1993); I. C. B Dear, ed.,The Oxford Companion to the Second World War(Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1995).
14. ‘Saigon-hubert-van-es’ by Source.Licensed under fair use via Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saigon-hubert-van-es.jpg#/media/File:Saigonhubert-van-es.jpg.
15. Donna Haraway, ‘A Cyborg Manifesto:Science, Technology, and SocialistFeminism in the Late Twentieth Century’, inSimians, Cyborgs and Women:The Reinvention of Nature, ed. Donna Haraway (New York:Routledge, 1991), 149–81.
第8章
1.详细讨论请见Michael S. Gazzaniga,Who’s in Charge?: Free Will and the Science of the Brain(New York:Ecco, 2011).
2. Chun Siong Soon et al., ‘Unconscious Determinants of Free Decisions in the Human Brain’,Nature Neuroscience11:5 (2008), 543–5.See also Daniel Wegner,The Illusion of Conscious Will(Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2002); Benjamin Libet, ‘Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action’,Behavioral and Brain Sciences8 (1985), 529–66.
3. Sanjiv K. Talwar et al., ‘Rat Navigation Guided by Remote Control’,Nature417:6884 (2002), 37–8; Ben Harder, ‘Scientists“Drive”Rats by Remote Control’,National Geographic, 1 May 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/05/0501_020501_roborats.html; Tom Clarke, ‘Here Come the Ratbots:Desire Drives Remote-Controlled Rodents’,Nature, 2 May 2002, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nature.com/news/1998/020429/full/news020429–9.html; Duncan Graham-Rowe, ‘“Robo-rat”Controlled by Brain Electrodes’,New Scientist, 1 May 2002, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2237–roborat-controlled-by-brain-electrodes.html#.UwOPiNrNtkQ.
4. http://fusion.net/story/204316/darpa-is-implanting-chips-in-soldiers-brains/; http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/28/5758018/darpa-teams-begin-work-on-tinybrain-implant-to-treat-ptsd.
5. Smadar Reisfeld, ‘Outside of the Cuckoo’s Nest’,Haaretz, 6 March 2015.
6. Dan Hurley, ‘US Military Leads Quest for Futuristic Ways to Boost IQ’,Newsweek, 5 March 2014, http://www.newsweek.com/2014/03/14/us-militaryleads-quest-futuristic-ways-boost-iq-247945.html, accessed 9 January 2015; Human Effectiveness Directorate, http://www.wpafb.af.mil/afrl/rh/index.asp; R. Andy McKinley et al., ‘Acceleration of Image Analyst Training with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation’,Behavioral Neuroscience127:6 (2013):936–46; Jeremy T. Nelson et al., ‘Enhancing Vigilance in Operators with Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS)’,NeuroImage85 (2014):909–17; Melissa Scheldrup et al., ‘Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Facilities Cognitive Multi-Task Performance Differentially Depending on Anode Location and Subtask’,Frontiers in Human Neuroscience8 (2014); Oliver Burkeman, ‘Can I Increase my Brain Power?’,Guardian, 4 January 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jan/04/can-i-increase-my-brain-power, accessed 9 January 2016; Heather Kelly, ‘Wearable Tech to Hack Your Brain’, CNN, 23 October 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/22/tech/innovation/brain-stimulation-tech/. accessed 9 January 2016.
7. Sally Adee, ‘Zap Your Brain into the Zone:Fast Track to Pure Focus’,New Scientist, 6 February 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328501.600–zap-your-brain-into-the-zone-fasttrack-to-pure-focus.html.同时参见：R. Douglas Fields, ‘Amping Up Brain Function:Transcranial Stimulation Shows Promise in Speeding Up Learning’,Scientific American, 25 November 2011, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/amping-up-brain-function.
8. Sally Adee, ‘How Electrical Brain Stimulation Can Change the Way We Think’,The Week, 30 March 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://theweek.com/article/index/226196/how-electrical-brain-stimulation-can-change-the-waywe-think/2.
9. E. Bianconi et al., ‘An Estimation of the Number of Cells in the Human Body,’Annals of Human Biology40:6 (2013):463–71.
10. Oliver Sacks,The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat(London:Picador, 1985), 73–5.
11. Joseph E. LeDoux, Donald H. Wilson, Michael S. Gazzaniga, ‘A Divided Mind:Observations on the Conscious Properties of the Separated Hemispheres’,Annals of Neurology2:5 (1977), 417–21.同时参见：D. Galin, ‘Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization:A Neurophysiological Context for Unconscious Processes’,Archives of General Psychiatry, 31:4 (1974), 572–83; R. W. Sperry, M. S. Gazzaniga and J. E. Bogen, ‘Interhemispheric relationships:The Neocortical Commisures:Syndromes of Hemisphere Disconnection’, inHandbook of Clinical Neurology, ed. P. J. Vinken and G. W. Bruyn (Amsterdam:North Holland Publishing Co., 1969), vol. 4.
12. Michael S. Gazzaniga,The Bisected Brain (New York:Appleton-CenturyCrofts, 1970); Gazzaniga,Who’s in Charge?; Carl Senior, Tamara Russell, and Michael S. Gazzaniga,Methods in Mind (Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2006); David Wolman, ‘The Split Brain:A Tale of Two Halves’,Nature483 (14 March 2012):260–3.
13. Galin, ‘Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization’, 573–4.
14. Springer and Deutsch,Left Brain, Right Brain, 3rd edn (New York:W. H. Freeman, 1989), 32–6.
15. Kahneman,Thinking, Fast and Slow, 377–410.同时参见Gazzaniga,Who’s in Charge?, ch. 3.
16. Eran Chajut et al., ‘In Pain Thou Shalt Bring Forth Children:The Peak-andEnd Rule in Recall of Labor Pain’,Psychological Science25:12 (2014), 2266–71.