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第3章
1. ‘Evolution, Creationism, Intelligent Design’, Gallup, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/21814/evolution-creationism-intelligentdesign.aspx; Frank Newport, ‘In US, 46 percent Hold Creationist View of Human Origins’, Gallup, 1 June 2012, accessed 21 December 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/155003/hold-creationist-view-human-origins.aspx.
2. Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 82–3.
3. Stanislas Dehaene,Consciousness and the Brain:Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts(New York:Viking, 2014); Steven Pinker,How the Mind Works(New York:W. W. Norton, 1997).
4. Dehaene,Consciousness and the Brain.
5.有些专家可能会提到哥德尔不完备定理（Gödel’s incompleteness theorem），也就是认为没有任何数学的公理（axiom）系统能够证明所有算术真理，一定会有某些真实的陈述，无法在该系统中证明。而在通俗文学里，有时候就会把这项定理挪用过来，用以说明心灵的存在。照其说法，正是因为有无法证明的事实，所以需要用心灵来处理。只不过，一般人只是想要生存和繁衍，实在看不出来为什么需要与这些神秘的数学真理扯上关系。事实上，我们绝大多数有意识的决定，都与以上这些问题完全无关。
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7. Dehaene,Consciousness and the Brain.
8. Ibid., ch. 7.
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12.关于不同程度的自我意识，请参见：Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 59–66.
13. Carolyn R. Raby et al., ‘Planning for the Future by Western Scrub Jays’,Nature445:7130 (2007), 919–21.
14. Michael Balter, ‘Stone-Throwing Chimp is Back – And This Time It’s Personal’,Science, 9 May 2012, accessed 21 December 2014, http://news.sciencemag.org/2012/05/stone-throwing-chimp-back-and-time-its-personal; Sara J. Shettleworth, ‘Clever Animals and Killjoy Explanations in Comparative Psychology’,Trends in Coginitive Sciences14:11 (2010), 477–81.
15. Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart?; Nicola S.Clayton, Timothy J. Bussey, and Anthony Dickinson, ‘Can Animals Recall the Past and Plan for the Future?’,Nature Reviews Neuroscience4:8 (2003), 685–91; William A. Roberts, ‘Are Animals Stuck in Time?’,Psychological Bulletin128:3 (2002), 473–89; Endel Tulving, ‘Episodic Memory and Autonoesis:Uniquely Human?’, inThe Missing Link in Cognition:Evolution of Self-Knowing Consciousness, ed. Herbert S. Terrace and Janet Metcalfe (Oxford:Oxford University Press), 3–56; Mariam Naqshbandi and William A. Roberts, ‘Anticipation of Future Events in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and Rats (Rattus norvegicus):Tests of the Bischof-Kohler Hypothesis’,Journal of Comparative Psychology120:4 (2006), 345–57.
16. I. B. A. Bartal, J. Decety and P. Mason, ‘Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats’,Science334:6061 (2011), 1427–30;Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 89.
17. Karl Krall,Denkende Tiere: Beiträge zur Tierseelenkunde auf Grund eigener Versuche (Leipzig: F. Engelmann, 1912).
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