17. Ulla Waldenström, ‘Women’s Memory of Childbirth at Two Months and One Year after the Birth’,Birth30:4 (2003), 248–54; Ulla Waldenström, ‘Why Do Some Women Change Their Opinion about Childbirth over Time?’,Birth31:2 (2004), 102–7.
18. Gazzaniga,Who’s in Charge?, ch. 3.
19. Jorge Luis Borges,Collected Fictions, translated by Andrew Hurley (New York:Penguin Books, 1999), 308–9.西班牙版本请见：Jorge Luis Borges, ‘Un problema’, inObras completas, vol. 3 (Buenos Aires:Emece Editores, 1968–9), 29–30.
20. Mark Thompson,The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915-1919 (New York:Basic Books, 2009).
第9章
1. F. M. Anderson, ed.,The Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative of the History of France:1789–1907, 2nd edn (Minneapolis:H. W. Wilson, 1908), 184–5; Alan Forrest, ‘L’armée de l’an II: la levée en masse et la créa tion d’un m y t he ré pu b li cain’,A n na le s hi s to ri que s de la Révo lu tion f ran cai s335 (2004), 111–30.
2. Morris Edmund Spears, ed.,World War Issues and Ideals:Readings in Contemporary History and Literature (Boston and New York:Ginn and Company, 1918), 242.还有一项最重要的近期研究，得到正反双方的一致广泛引用，也尝试证明民主体制的士兵战斗力较强：Dan Reiter and Allan C. Stam,Democracies at War(Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2002).
3. Doris Stevens,Jailed for Freedom(New York:Boni and Liveright, 1920), 290.同时参见Susan R. Grayzel, Women and the First World War (Harlow:Longman, 2002), 101–6; Christine Bolt,The Women’s Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920s(Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), 236–76; Birgitta Bader-Zaar, ‘Women’s Suffrage and War:World War I and Political Reform in a Comparative Perspective’, inSuffrage, Gender and Citizenship:International Perspectives on Parliamentary Reforms, ed. Irma Sulkunen, Seija-Leena Nevala-Nurmi and Pirjo Markkola (Newcastle upon Tyne:Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009), 193–218.
4. Matt Richtel and Conor Dougherty, ‘Google’s Driverless Cars Run Into Problem:Cars With Drivers’,New York Times, 1 September 2015, accessed 2 September 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/technology/personaltech/google-says-its-not-the-driverless-cars-fault-its-other-drivers.html?_r=1; Shawn DuBravac,Digital Destiny:How the New Age of Data Will Transform the Way We Work, Live and Communicate (Washington DC:Regnery Publishing, 2015), 127–56.
5. Bradley Hope, ‘Lawsuit Against Exchanges Over“Unfair Advantage”for High-Frequency Traders Dismissed’,Wall Street Journal,29 April 2015, accessed 6 October 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/lawsuit-against-exchanges-over-unfair-advantage-for-high-frequency-traders-dismissed-1430326045; David Levine, ‘High-Frequency Trading Machines Favored Over Humans by CME Group, Lawsuit Claims’,Huffington Post, 26 June 2012, accessed 6 October 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/26/high-frequency-trading-lawsuit_n_1625648.html; Lu Wang, Whitney Kisling and Eric Lam, ‘Fake Post Erasing $136 Billion Shows Markets Need Humans’, Bloomberg, 23 April 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013–04–23/fake-reporterasing-136–billion-shows-market-s-fragility.html; Matthew Philips, ‘How the Robots Lost:High-Frequency Trading’s Rise and Fall’,Bloomberg Businessweek, 6 June 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/123468–how-the-robots-lost-high-frequency-tradings-rise-and-fall; Steiner,Automate This, 2–5, 11–52; Luke Dormehl,The Formula:How Algorithms Solve All Our Problems – And Create More (London:Penguin, 2014), 223.
6. Jordan Weissmann, ‘iLawyer:What Happens when Computers Replace Attorneys?’,Atlantic, 19 June 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/ilawyer-what-happens-when-computersreplace-attorneys/258688; John Markoff, ‘Armies of Expensive Lawyers, Replaced by Cheaper Software’,New York Times, 4 March 2011, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/05/science/05legal.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0; Adi Narayan, ‘The fMRI Brain Scan:A Better Lie Detector?’,Time, 20 July 2009, accessed 22 December 2014, http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1911546–2,00.html; Elena Rusconi and Timothy Mitchener-Nissen, ‘Prospects of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Lie Detector’,Frontiers in Human Neuroscience7:54 (2013); Steiner,Automate This,217; Dormehl,The Formula, 229.
7. B. P. Woolf,Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors:Student-centered Strategies for Revolutionizing E-learning (Burlington:Morgan Kaufmann, 2010); Annie Murphy Paul, ‘The Machines are Taking Over’,New York Times, 14 September 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/magazine/how-computerized-tutors-are-learning-to-teach-humans.html?_r=0;P. J. Munoz-Merino, C. D. Kloos and M. Munoz-Organero, ‘Enhancement of Student Learning Through the Use of a Hinting Computer e-Learning System and Comparison With Human Teachers’,IEEE Transactions on Education54:1 (2011), 164–7;Mindojo, accessed 14 July 2015, http://mindojo.com/.
8. Steiner,Automate This, 146–62; Ian Steadman, ‘IBM’s Watson Is Better at Diagnosing Cancer than Human Doctors’,Wired, 11 February 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013–02/11/ibmwatson-medical-doctor; ‘Watson Is Helping Doctors Fight Cancer’, IBM, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/watson_in_healthcare.shtml; Vinod Khosla, ‘Technology Will Replace 80 per cent of What Doctors Do’,Fortune, 4 December 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/12/04/technology-doctors-khosla; Ezra Klein, ‘How Robots Will Replace Doctors’,Washington Post, 10 January 2011, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/post/how-robots-willreplace-doctors/2011/08/25/gIQASA17AL_blog.html.
9. Tzezana,The Guide to the Future, 62–4.
10. Steiner,Automate This, 155.
11. http://www.mattersight.com.
12. Steiner,Automate This, 178–82; Dormehl,The Formula, 21–4; Shana Lebowitz, ‘Every Time You Dial into These Call Centers, Your Personality Is Being Silently Assessed’,Business Insider, 3 September 2015, retrieved 31 January 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mattersight-uses-personality-science-2015-9.
13. Rebecca Morelle, ‘Google Machine Learns to Master Video Games’, BBC, 25 February 2015, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/scienceenvironment-31623427; Elizabeth Lopatto, ‘Google’s AI Can Learn to Play Video Games’,The Verge, 25 February 2015, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.theverge.com/2015/2/25/8108399/google-ai-deepmind-video-games; Volodymyr Mnih et al., ‘Human-Level Control through Deep Reinforcement Learning’,Nature, 26 February 2015, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7540/full/nature14236.html
14. Michael Lewis,Moneyball:The Art of Winning An Unfair Game(New York:W. W. Norton, 2003).同时参见2011年的电影《点球成金》（Moneyball），由贝尼特·米勒（Bennett Miller）执导，布拉德·皮特饰演比恩。
15. Frank Levy and Richard Murnane,The New Division of Labor:How Computers are Creating the Next Job Market(Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2004); Dormehl,The Formula, 225–6.
16. Tom Simonite, ‘When Your Boss is an Uber Algoritm’,MIT Technology Review, 1 December 2015, retrieved 4 February 2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/543946/when-your-boss-is-an-uber-algorithm/.
17. Simon Sharwood, ‘Software“Appointed to Board”of Venture Capital Firm’,The Register, 18 May 2014, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/05/18/software_appointed_to_board_of_venture_capital_firm/; John Bates, ‘I’m the Chairman of the Board’,Huffington Post, 6 April 2014, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-bates/im-the-chairman-ofthe-bo_b_5440591.html; Colm Gorey, ‘I’m Afraid I Can’t Invest in That, Dave:AI Appointed to VC Funding Board’,Silicon Republic, 15 May 2014, accessed 12 August 2015, https://www.siliconrepublic.com/discovery/2014/05/15/im-afraid-icant-invest-in-that-dave-ai-appointed-to-vc-funding-board.
18. Steiner,Automate This, 89–101; D. H. Cope,Comes the Fiery Night:2,000 Haiku by Man and Machine(Santa Cruz:Create Space, 2011).同时参见：Dormehl,The Formula, 174–80, 195–8, 200–2, 216–20; Steiner,Automate This, 75–89.
19. Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne, ‘The Future of Employment:How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?’, 17 September 2013, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf.
20. E. Brynjolfsson and A. McAffee,Race Againt the Machine:How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy(Lexington:Digital Frontier Press, 2011).
21. Nick Bostrom,Superintelligence:Paths, Dangers, Strategies(Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2014).
22. Ido Efrati, ‘Researchers Conducted a Successful Experiment with an“Artificial Pancreas”Connected to an iPhone’ [in Hebrew],Haaretz, 17 June 2014, accessed 23 December 2014, http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/health/1.2350956 .MoshePhillip et al., ‘Nocturnal.Glucose Control with an Artificial Pancreas at a Diabetis Camp’,New England Journal of Medicine368:9 (2013), 824–33; ‘Artificial Pancreas Controlled by iPhone Shows Promise in Diabetes Trial’,Today, 17 June 2014, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.todayonline.com/world/artificialpancreas-controlled-iphone-shows-promise-diabetes-trial?singlepage=true
23. Dormehl,The Formula, 7–16.
24. Martha Mendoza, ‘Google Develops Contact Lens Glucose Monitor’, Yahoo News, 17 January 2014, accessed 12 August 2015, http://news.yahoo.com/google-develops-contact-lens-glucose-monitor-000147894.html; Mark Scott, ‘Novartis Joins with Google to Develop Contact Lens That Monitors Blood Sugar’,New York Times, 15 July 2014, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/16/business/international/novartis-joins-with-google-to-developcontact-lens-to-monitor-blood-sugar.html?_r=0; Rachel Barclay, ‘Google Scientists Create Contact Lens to Measure Blood Sugar Level in Tears’, Healthline, 23 January 2014, accessed 12 August 2015, http://www.healthline.com/health-news/diabetes-google-develops-glucose-monitoring-contact-lens-012314.
25.‘Quantified Self’, http://quantifiedself.com/; Dormehl,The Formula, 11–16.
26. Dormehl,The Formula, 91–5; ‘Bedpost’, http://bedposted.com.
27. Dormehl,The Formula, 53–9.
28. Angelina Jolie, ‘My Medical Choice’,New York Times, 14 May 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/mymedical-choice.html.
29. ‘Google Flu Trends’, http://www.google.org/flutrends/about/how.html; Jeremy Ginsberg et al., ‘Detecting Influenza Epidemics Using Search Engine Query Data’,Nature, 457:7232 (2008), 1012–14; Declan Butler, ‘When Google Got Flu Wrong’,Nature, 13 February 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nature.com/news/when-google-got-flu-wrong-1.12413; Miguel Helft, ‘Google Uses Searches to Track Flu’s Spread’, New York Times, 11 November 2008, accessed 22 December 2014, http://msl1.mit.edu/furdlog/docs/nytimes/2008–11–11_nytimes_google_influenza.pdf; Samanth Cook et al., ‘Assessing Google Flu Trends Performance in the United States during the 2009 Influenza Virus A (H1N1) Pandemic’,PLOS One, 19 August 2011, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0023610; Jeffrey Shaman et al., ‘Real-Time Inluenza Forecasts during the 2012–2013 Season’,Nature, 23 April 2013, accessed 24 December 2014, http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131203/ncomms3837/full/ncomms3837.html.
30. Alistair Barr, ‘Google’s New Moonshot Project:The Human Body’,Wall Street Journal, 24 July 2014, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/google-to-collect-data-to-define-healthy-human-1406246214; Nick Summers, ‘Google Announces Google Fit Platform Preview for Developers’, Next Web, 25 June 2014, accessed 22 December 2014, http://thenextweb.com/insider/2014/06/25/google-launches-google-fit-platform-preview-developers/.
31. Dormehl,The Formula, 72–80.
32. Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski and David Stillwell, ‘Computer-Based Personality Judgements Are More Accurate Than Those Made by Humans’,PNAS112:4 (2015), 1036–40.
33.关于先知、代理人和君主的概念，参见：Bostrom,Superintelligence.
34. https://www.waze.com/.
35. Dormehl,The Formula, 206.
36. World Bank,World Development Indicators 2012(Washington DC:World Bank, 2012), 72, http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/wdi-2012–ebook.pdf.
37. Larry Elliott, ‘Richest 62 People as Wealthy as Half of World’s Population, Says Oxfam’,Guardian, 18 January 2016, retrieved 9 February 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jan/18/richest-62-billionaires-wealthy-half-worldpopulation-combined; Tami Luhby, ‘The 62 Richest People Have As Much Wealth As Half the World’,CNN Money, 18 January 2016, retrieved 9 February 2016, http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/17/news/economy/oxfam-wealth/.
第10章
1. ‘EM spectrum’.Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EM_spectrum.svg#/media/File:EM_spectrum.svg
2. Joseph Henrich, Steven J. Heine and Ara Norenzayan, ‘The Weirdest People in the World’,Behavioral and Brain Sciences33 (2010), 61–135.
3. Benny Shanon,Antipodes of the Mind:Charting the Phenome- nology of the Ayahuasca Experience(Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2002).
4. Thomas Nagel, ‘What Is It Like to Be a Bat?’,Philosophical Review83:4 (1974), 435–50.