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 38. M. Csikszentmihalyi,Finding Flow:The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life(New York:Basic Books, 1997).

 39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html, accessed 4 January 2016; Sarah Harris, ‘Number of Children Given Drugs for ADHD Up Ninefold with Patients As Young As Three Being Prescribed Ritalin’,Daily Mail, 28 June 2013, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2351427/Number-children-given-drugs-ADHD-ninefold-patients-young-THREE-prescribedRitalin.html, accessed 4 January 2016; International Narcotics Control Board (UN),Psychotropics Substances, Statistics for 2013, Assessments of Annual Medical and Scientific Requirements 2014, 39–40.

 40.关于学生滥用此类兴奋剂的证据仍然不足,但2013年的一项研究发现,美国大学生有5%~15%曾非法使用某种兴奋剂至少一次:C. Ian Ragan, Imre Bard and Ilina Singh, ‘What Should We Do about Student Use of Cognitive Enhancers?An Analysis of Current Evidence’,Neuropharmacology64 (2013), 589.

 41. Bradley J. Partridge, ‘Smart Drugs“As Common as Coffee”:Media Hype about Neuroenhancement’,PLoS One6:11 (2011), e28416.

 42. Office of the Chief of Public Affairs Press Release, ‘Army, Health Promotion Risk Reduction Suicide Prevention Report, 2010’, accessed 23 December 2014, http://csf2.army.mil/downloads/HP-RR-SPReport2010.pdf; Mark Thompson, ‘America’s Medicated Army’,Time, 5 June 2008, accessed 19 December 2014, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1812055,00.html; Office of the Surgeon Multi-National Force-Iraq and Office of the Command Surgeon, ‘Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT) V Operation Iraqi Freedom 06–08:Iraq Operation Enduring Freedom 8:Afghanistan’, 14 February 2008, accessed 23 December 2014, http://www.careforthetroops.org/reports/Report-MHATV-4–FEB-2008–Overview.pdf.

 43. Tina L. Dorsey, ‘Drugs and Crime Facts’, US Department of Justice, accessed 20 February 2015, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/dcf.pdf; H. C. West, W. J. Sabol and S. J. Greenman, ‘Prisoners in 2009’, US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (December 2010), 1–38; ‘Drugs And Crime Facts:Drug use and Crime’, US Department of Justice, accessed 19 December 2014, http://www.bjs.gov/content/dcf/duc.cfm; ‘Offender Management Statistics Bulletin, July to September 2014’, UK Ministry of Justice, 29 January 2015, accessed 20 February 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/offender-management-statistics-quarterly-july-to-september-2014.; Mirian Lights et al., ‘Gender Differences in Substance Misuse and Mental Health amongst Prisoners’, UK Ministry of Justice, 2013, accessed 20 February 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/220060/gendersubstance-misuse-mental-health-prisoners.pdf; Jason Payne and Antonette Gaffney, ‘How Much Crime is Drug or Alcohol Related?Self-Reported Attributions of Police Detainees’,Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice439 (2012), http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi439.pdf, accessed 11 March 2015; Philippe Robert, ‘The French Criminal Justice System’, in Punishment in Europe:A Critical Anatomy of Penal Systems, ed. Vincenzo Ruggiero and Mick Ryan (Houndmills:Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 116.

 44. Betsy Isaacson, ‘Mind Control:How EEG Devices Will Read Your Brain Waves And Change Your World’,Huffington Post, 20 November 2014, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/20/mind-controlhow-eeg-devices-read-brainwaves_n_2001431.html; ‘EPOC Headset’,Emotiv, http://emotiv.com/store/epoc-detail/; ‘Biosensor Innovation to Power Breakthrough Wearable Technologies Today and Tomorrow’,NeuroSky, http://neurosky.com/.

 45. Samantha Payne, ‘Stockholm:Members of Epicenter Workspace Are Using Microchip Implants to Open Doors’,International Business Times, 31 January 2015, accessed 9 August 2015, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/stockholm-office-workersepicenter-implanted-microchips-pay-their-lunch-1486045.

 46. Meika Loe,The Rise of Viagra:How the Little Blue Pill Changed Sex in America(New York:New York University Press, 2004).

 47. Brian Morgan, ‘Saints and Sinners:Sir Harold Gillies’,Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 95:6 (2013), 204–5; Donald W. Buck II, ‘A Link to Gillies:One Surgeon’s Quest to Uncover His Surgical Roots’,Annals of Plastic Surgery68:1 (2012), 1–4.

 48. Paolo Santoni-Rugio,A History of Plastic Surgery(Berlin, Heidelberg:Springer, 2007); P. Niclas Broer, Steven M. Levine and Sabrina Juran, ‘Plastic Surgery:Quo Vadis?Current Trends and Future Projections of Aesthetic Plastic Surgical Procedures in the United States’,Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery133:3 (2014):293e–302e.

 49. Holly Firfer, ‘How Far Will Couples Go to Conceive?’, CNN, 17 June 2004, accessed 3 May 2015, http://edition.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/03/12/infertility.treatment/index.html?iref=allsearch.

 50. Rowena Mason and Hannah Devlin, ‘MPs Vote in Favour of“Three-Person Embryo”Law’,Guardian, 3 February 2015, accessed 3 May 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/03/mps-vote-favour-three-person-embryo-law.

 51. Lionel S. Smith and Mark D. E. Fellowes, ‘Towards a Lawn without Grass:The Journey of the Imperfect Lawn and Its Analogues’,Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscape 33:3 (2013), 158–9; John Dixon Hunt and Peter Willis, ed.,The Genius of the Place:The English Landscape Garden 1620–1820, 5th edn (Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2000), 1–45; Anne Helmriech,The English Garden and National Identity:The Competing Styles of Garden Design 1870–1914(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2002), 1–6.

 52. Robert J. Lake, ‘Social Class, Etiquette and Behavioral Restraint in British Lawn Tennis’,International Journal of the History of Sport28:6 (2011), 876–94; Beatriz Colomina, ‘The Lawn at War:1941–1961’, inThe American Lawn, ed. Georges Teyssot (New York:Princeton Architectural Press, 1999), 135–53; Virginia Scott Jenkins,The Lawn:History of an American Obsession(Washington:Smithsonian Institution, 1994).

 第2章

 1. ‘Canis lupus’, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/3746/1; ‘Fact Sheet:Gray Wolf’,Defenders of Wildlife, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.defenders.org/gray-wolf/basic-facts; ‘Companion Animals’,IFAH, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.ifaheurope.org/companion-animals/about-pets.html; ‘Global Review 2013’, World Animal Protection, accessed 20 December 2014, https://www.worldanimalprotection.us.org/sites/default/files/us_files/global_review_2013_0.pdf.

 2. Anthony D. Barnosky, ‘Megafauna Biomass Tradeoff as a Driver of Quaternary and Future Extinctions’,PNAS105:1 (2008), 11543–8;关于狼和狮子:William J. Ripple et al., ‘Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores’,Science343:6167 (2014), 151;Stanley Coren博士认为世界上有大约5亿条狗:Stanley Coren, ‘How Many Dogs Are There in the World’,Psychology Today, 19 September 2012, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/canine-corner/201209/how-many-dogs-are-there-inthe-world;关于猫的数目,请见:Nicholas Wade, ‘DNA Traces 5 Matriarchs of 600 Million Domestic Cats’,New York Times, 29 June 2007, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29iht-cats.1.6406020.html;关于非洲水牛,请见:‘Syncerus caffer’, IUCN Red List of Threa- tened Species, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/21251/0;关于牛的数目,请见:David Cottle and Lewis Kahn, ed.,Beef Cattle Production and Trade(Collingwood:Csiro, 2014), 66;关于鸡的数目,请见:‘Live Animals’,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:Statistical Division, accessed December 20, 2014, http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QA/E;关于黑猩猩的数目,请见:‘Pan troglodytes’, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15933/0.

 3. ‘Living Planet Report 2014’, WWF Global, accessed 20 December 2014, http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/all_publications/living_planet_report/.

 4. Richard Inger et al., ‘Common European Birds are Declining Rapidly While Less Abundant Species’ Numbers Are Rising’,Ecology Letters18:1 (2014), 28–36; ‘Live Animals’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed 20 December 2014, http://faostat.fao.org/site/573/default.aspx#ancor.

 5. Simon L. Lewis and Mark A. Maslin, ‘Defining the Anthropocene’,Nature519 (2015), 171–80.

 6. Timothy F. Flannery,The Future Eaters:An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and Peoples(Port Melbourne:Reed Books Australia, 1994); Anthony D. Barnosky et al., ‘Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents’,Science 306:5693 (2004), 70–5; Bary W. Brook and David M. J. S. Bowman, ‘The Uncertain Blitzkrieg of Pleistocene Megafauna’,Journal of Biogeography 31:4 (2004), 517–23; Gifford H. Miller et al., ‘Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction’,Science 309:5732 (2005), 287–90; Richard G. Roberts et al., ‘New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna:Continent Wide Extinction about 46,000 Years Ago’,Science 292:5523 (2001), 1888–92; Stephen Wroe and Judith Field, ‘A Review of Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation’,Quaternary Science Reviews25:21–2 (2006), 2692–703; Barry W. Brooks et al., ‘Would the Australian Megafauna Have Become Extinct If Humans Had Never Colonised the Continent?Comments on“A Review of the Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation”by S. Wroe and J. Field’,Quaternary Science Reviews26:3–4 (2007), 560–4; Chris S. M. Turney et al., ‘Late-Surviving Megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, Implicate Human Involvement in their Extinction’,PNAS105:34 (2008), 12150–3; John Alroy, ‘A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction’,Science292:5523 (2001), 1893–6; J. F. O’Connel and J. Allen, ‘Pre-LGM Sahul (Australia-New Guinea) and the Archaeology of Early Modern Humans’, inRethinking the Human Evolution:New Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, ed. Paul Mellars (Cambridge:McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2007), 400–1.

 7. Graham Harvey,Animism:Respecting the Living World(Kent Town:Wakefield Press, 2005); Rane Willerslev,Soul Hunters:Hunting, Animism and Personhood Among the Siberian Yukaghirs(Berkeley:University of California Press, 2007); Elina Helander-Renvall, ‘Animism, Personhood and the Nature of Reality:Sami Perspectives’,Polar Record46:1 (2010), 44–56; Istvan Praet, ‘Animal Conceptions in Animism and Conservation’, inRoutledge Handbook of HumanAnimal Studies, ed. Susan McHaugh and Garry Marvin (New York:Routledge, 2014), 154–67; Nurit Bird-David, ‘Animism Revisited:Personhood, Environment, and Relational Epistemology’,Current Anthropology40 (1999): s67–91; N. BirdDavid, ‘Animistic Epistemology:Why Some Hunter-Gatherers Do Not Depict Animals’,Ethnos71:1 (2006):33–50.

 8. Danny Naveh, ‘Changes in the Perception of Animals and Plants with the Shift to Agricultural Life:What Can Be Learnt from the Nayaka Case, A HunterGatherer Society from the Rain Forests of Southern India?’[in Hebrew],Animals and Society, 52 (2015):7–8.

 9. Howard N. Wallace, ‘The Eden Narrative’,Harvard Semitic Monographs32 (1985), 147–81.

 10. David Adams Leeming and Margaret Adams Leeming,Encyclopedia of Creation Myths(Santa Barbara:ABC-CLIO, 1994), 18; Sam D. Gill,Storytracking:Texts, Stories, and Histories in Central Australia(Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1998); Emily Miller Bonney, ‘Disarming the Snake Goddess:A Reconsideration of the Faience Figures from the Temple Repositories at Knossos’,Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology24:2 (2011), 171–90; David Leeming,The Oxford Companion to World Mythology(Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press, 2005), 350.

 11. Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, ed.,The Adapted Mind:Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture(Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1992); Richard W. Bloom and Nancy Dess, ed.,Evolutionary Psychology and Violence:A Primer for Policymakers and Public Policy Advocates (Westport:Praeger, 2003); Charles Crawford and Catherine Salmon, ed.,Evolutionary Psychology, Public Policy and Personal Decisions(New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2008); Patrick McNamara and David Trumbull,An Evolutionary Psychology of Leader–Follower Relations(New York:Nova Science, 2007); Joseph P. Forgas, Martie G. Haselton and William von Hippel, ed.,Evolution and the Social Mind:Evolutionary Psychology and Social Cognition(New York:Psychology Press, 2011).

 12. S. Held, M. Mendl, C. Devereux and R. W. Byrne, ‘Social tactics of pigs in a competitive foraging the task: the“informed forager”paradigm’,Animal Behaviour59:3 (2000), 569–76; S. Held, M. Mendl, C. Devereux and R. W. Byrne, ‘Studies in social cognition: from primates to pigs’,Animal Welfare10 (2001), s209–17; H. B. Graves, ‘Behavior and ecology of wild and feral swine (Sus scrofa)’,Journal of Animal Science58:2 (1984), 482–92; A. Stolba and D. G. M. WoodGush, ‘The behaviour of pigs in a semi-natural environment’,Animal Production48:2 (1989), 419–25; M. Spinka, ‘Behaviour in pigs’, in P. Jensen (ed.),The Ethology of Domestic Animals, 2nd edition (Wallingford, UK:CAB International, 2009), 177–91; P. Jensen and D. G. M. Wood-Gush, ‘Social interactions in a group of free-ranging sows’,Applied Animal Behaviour Science12 (1984), 327–37; E. T. Gieling, R. E. Nordquist and F. J. van der Staay, ‘Assessing learning and memory in pigs’,Animal Cognition14 (2011), 151–73.

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